How programming languages implement atomic operations from runtime down to CPU hardware

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This technical article traces how atomic operations in programming languages are implemented through multiple layers down to hardware. It examines implementations in Java, Go, and CPython, showing how language-level atomic APIs map to runtime systems and CPU instructions. The analysis focuses on how operations like atomic addition and compare-and-swap achieve indivisibility through CPU features like LOCK prefixes on x86-64. The implementation path involves language APIs, compiler/runtime systems, and ultimately CPU atomic instructions and memory ordering constraints.

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