How Pakistan's State Policy Shaped Its Own Extremist Ecosystem

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Pakistan has long framed radicalization as an external phenomenon that befell the nation, rather than acknowledging its roots in deliberate state policy. Analysts trace the origins of this extremist ecosystem to the era of General Zia-ul-Haq, who institutionalized religious militancy as a strategic tool. The state actively promoted the concept of 'holy war' to serve geopolitical objectives, particularly during the Soviet-Afghan conflict. Over decades, these policies entrenched militant networks that have since proven difficult to dismantle. Critics argue that Pakistan cannot effectively address extremism without first accepting its own role in cultivating it.

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