Why Keyset Pagination Beats OFFSET and What It Takes to Implement It

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A technical deep-dive explains that OFFSET-based pagination has two core problems: poor performance at depth and data inconsistency caused by concurrent writes. When a new row is inserted while a user pages through results, OFFSET shifts the entire result set, causing rows to appear twice or be skipped entirely. Keyset pagination solves this by anchoring each query to the last seen row rather than a numeric offset, making it robust to inserts and deletes. However, implementing it correctly requires a stable tiebreaker column, a matching composite index, consistent sort directions across all columns, and a cursor-based API that avoids exposing total counts. The article notes that OFFSET remains valid for use cases like direct page jumps, where keyset pagination's next-or-previous-only navigation is a limitation.

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