Vault Enterprise benchmarks reveal write bottlenecks and key scaling limits

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Engineers conducted load tests on Vault Enterprise 1.17.3 deployed on AWS using a HashiCorp Validated Design with integrated Raft storage. Tests used the k6 tool, scaling up to 500 virtual users for key-value workloads and around 200–300 for SSH and PKI operations. Results showed read operations were approximately 2.3 times faster than writes, as writes require commit and replication across the Raft cluster. Operationally, the findings recommend keeping secret payloads under 100 KB, prioritizing high-throughput storage with fast fsync, and planning memory capacity ahead of concurrency growth. For SSH-heavy environments, ED25519 keys were found to offer significantly better performance than RSA-2048 at no additional infrastructure cost.

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