UUID v4 vs. UUID v7 vs. ULID in 2026: Database Index Performance, B-Tree Fragmentation & When to Migrate

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UUID v4 vs. UUID v7 vs. ULID in 2026: Database Index Performance, B-Tree Fragmentation, Collision Mathematics, and RFC 9562 Migration Guide For more than two decades, software architects faced an infuriating database design compromise when selecting a primary key strategy: Auto-Incrementing Integers (BIGSERIAL / AUTO_INCREMENT): Perfect for B-Tree index locality and fast inserts, but disastrous for distributed systems, horizontal sharding, and security (exposing sequential transaction volumes, customer IDs, and inviting scraping enumeration attacks). UUID Version 4 (RFC 4122): Perfect for zero

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