The Twelve-Factor App: 12 principles for building reliable, scalable software

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The Twelve-Factor App is a set of twelve software development best practices created around 2010 by Adam Wiggins at Heroku, which hosted hundreds of thousands of client systems on a shared platform. The methodology emerged from observing recurring failures when teams built software without considering portability, scalability, and maintainability. Its guidelines cover areas such as storing configuration in environment variables, treating dependencies explicitly, separating build and run stages, and keeping processes stateless. Despite significant evolution in development tooling since its inception, the twelve factors remain widely applicable to modern internet-based services. The article walks through each principle, explaining how together they form a solid foundation for any system deployed as a web service.

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