The Mechanical Turk: 18th-century chess 'machine' was actually a hidden human
The Mechanical Turk debuted in 1770 as an apparent chess-playing automaton that captivated audiences across Europe and the Americas. The device famously faced notable opponents including Benjamin Franklin and Napoleon Bonaparte. In reality, a skilled chess player concealed inside the cabinet was making all the moves. Despite widespread suspicion, the deception remained convincing for several decades. The tale serves as an early historical parallel to modern debates around artificial intelligence and the illusion of machine autonomy.
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