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Tests Show Common PDF Blackout Methods Often Leave Redacted Numbers Copyable

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Researchers tested five common ways of hiding a number in a PDF using a fictitious certificate containing an invented Swiss social security number. Four of the five methods, including a simple black highlighter and filled shapes, left the covered digits in the text layer where they could still be copied. Only the dedicated redaction tool in macOS Preview permanently removed the text. The team also found that their own leak detector initially missed three of the four leaking files. They traced the failures to three bugs in how the tool gathered and matched dark zones, which they then fixed.

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