SAGA Pattern: Managing Distributed Transactions in Microservices Without 2PC

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The SAGA design pattern breaks large distributed transactions into smaller, independent local transactions executed across multiple microservices. Each service handles its own transaction and, if a step fails, compensating actions are triggered to reverse previously completed operations. SAGA avoids the pitfalls of Two-Phase Commit (2PC), which is known for blocking resource locks and creating performance bottlenecks in high-throughput systems. The pattern supports two coordination models: orchestration, where a central coordinator directs each service, and choreography, where services communicate autonomously via events. While SAGA improves fault tolerance, scalability, and eliminates single points of failure, it introduces added system complexity and embraces eventual rather than immediate consistency.

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