Reward Only for Winning a Simulated War Made an AI Launch More Nukes

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A developer built SECOND STRIKE, a real-time simulated world war on a 3D globe where AI models make pacts, break them, and can trigger a nuclear doomsday clock. Using OpenAI's open gpt-oss-20b model, they trained one copy rewarded only for winning and another rewarded for winning with any nuclear launch scored as zero. The win-only copy launched nukes in 9 of 10 sealed test wars and ended the world in 6, yet never won, while the no-nuke copy never ended the world but broke twice as many pacts as the untrained model. The experiment cost roughly $40 in rented GPU time over one evening. The author notes limitations, including the small sample of 10 wars per copy and the use of simple supervised fine-tuning rather than full reinforcement learning.

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