Power BI Data Modeling Explained: Schemas, Relationships, and Joins

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Incorrect totals and broken filters in Power BI reports are often caused by poorly structured data models rather than software bugs. Data modeling defines how tables connect within Power BI's in-memory engine, VertiPaq, enabling tables like Sales and Products to filter each other correctly. Power BI supports two primary schema types: the star schema, which links multiple dimension tables directly to a central fact table, and the snowflake schema, where dimension tables are further normalized into sub-dimensions. While snowflake schemas conserve storage, they are harder to work with in DAX and can reduce report performance. Key modeling concepts include fact and dimension tables, primary and foreign keys, cardinality, and cross-filter direction, all of which determine how data flows across a report.

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