Parquet vs CSV: Key factors behind file format performance differences

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Data engineers often recommend Parquet over CSV but rarely explain why. Parquet stores data column by column, allowing queries to read only relevant data, while CSV must process entire rows. Columnar storage also enables more efficient compression through specialized encoding methods for different data types. Compression ratios vary significantly based on data schema, from 2x for unstructured data to over 20x for structured data. Real-world examples show Parquet typically reduces file sizes by 4x to 25x compared to CSV.

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