Monero's FCMP++ Upgrade to Replace Ring Signatures with Full-Chain Privacy Proofs

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Monero is preparing to deploy Full-Chain Membership Proofs (FCMP++), a cryptographic upgrade that replaces its longstanding ring signature system with a Merkle-tree-based proof protocol. Unlike ring signatures, which mix a transaction input with just 15 decoys, FCMP++ expands the anonymity set to encompass all outputs on the entire blockchain — over 100 million. The upgrade does not require a new address format or full chain migration, making it faster to deploy than its predecessor proposal. Beyond privacy gains, FCMP++ enables new features including outgoing view keys, forward secrecy against quantum attacks, and layer-two payment channel designs. Development is actively underway, with an alpha stress-test network planned for early 2026 and a production deployment targeted for the second half of 2026.

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