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Machines dominate Bitcoin's OP_RETURN data, outwriting humans 45 to 1

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A full census of every OP_RETURN output on the Bitcoin blockchain, from the genesis block to block 958,893, reveals that human-readable messages have never been the majority of data written to the chain. The Runes token protocol alone, launched at the April 2024 halving, generated 171 million OP_RETURN outputs in roughly two years — about 45 times more than all human-readable messages in Bitcoin's entire history. Even at peak human activity during the BRC-20 boom era, human-readable text accounted for only 13.5% of OP_RETURN outputs. Before Runes, binary timestamping protocols like Veriblock and OMNI dominated, comprising over 98% of pre-ordinals OP_RETURN data. The findings suggest Bitcoin's data-carrier space has always been machine-driven, with the dominant user shifting from timestamping protocols to token-minting engines rather than from humans to machines.

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Machines dominate Bitcoin's OP_RETURN data, outwriting humans 45 to 1 · ShortSingh