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JavaScript Hoisting: How the Engine Moves Declarations Before Execution

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Hoisting is a built-in JavaScript engine behavior that moves declarations to the top of their scope before code runs. This mechanism allows developers to reference functions or variables before the lines where they are actually defined. Function declarations are fully hoisted, meaning they can be called before their definition and will execute correctly. Variables declared with 'var' are also hoisted, but only their declaration is moved — not their value, so they return 'undefined' if accessed before assignment. Understanding hoisting helps developers avoid unexpected bugs related to variable and function declaration order.

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