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Inside Databases: How Your Data Is Actually Stored on Disk

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Every backend engineer regularly queries databases, but few understand what happens at the storage level when data is written or retrieved. Databases do not simply save data as plain text files; they use structured formats like pages, blocks, and tree-based indexes to organize information efficiently. Storage engines such as InnoDB or RocksDB manage how data is physically laid out on disk to optimize read and write performance. Concepts like B-trees, heap files, and write-ahead logs play a central role in ensuring data integrity and fast access. Understanding these internals helps engineers make better decisions around indexing, query optimization, and database selection.

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Inside Databases: How Your Data Is Actually Stored on Disk · ShortSingh