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How to Make Chunked File Upload APIs Idempotent and Retry-Safe

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Chunked file upload APIs are vulnerable to data corruption or duplicate artifacts when clients retry requests after losing network responses. A robust design requires PUT chunk endpoints to accept identical bytes idempotently while rejecting changed content at the same index with a 409 error. The finalize endpoint should use a compare-and-set state machine — moving sessions from 'uploading' to 'finalizing' to 'complete' — so retries return the same artifact ID rather than creating duplicates. Server-side hash verification of each chunk and the final assembled artifact adds an additional layer of integrity checking. Expired sessions should only be garbage-collected when they are not in a finalizing state, and end-to-end tests must cover the full pipeline from upload through assembly to cleanup.

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