How Load Balancing and Auto-Scaling Keep Popular Websites Running Smoothly
No single server can handle millions of simultaneous users, so modern web infrastructure relies on two core techniques to stay online under heavy traffic. Load balancing distributes incoming requests across multiple identical server instances, ensuring no single machine is overwhelmed and failed instances are automatically bypassed. Auto-scaling complements this by dynamically adding server instances when demand rises and removing them when traffic drops, optimizing both performance and cost. For this architecture to function correctly, app instances must be stateless, meaning session data like shopping carts must be stored in a shared database or cache rather than in any individual server's memory. Regular health checks, ideally verifying the app's ability to reach its dependencies, allow the load balancer to route traffic only to fully functional instances without requiring manual intervention.
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