How JavaScript Handles Type Conversion and Wrapper Objects Internally

JavaScript offers three explicit conversion functions — Number(), String(), and Boolean() — that return primitive values, while their constructor counterparts (new Number(), new Boolean(), etc.) return objects instead. This distinction matters in practice: a Boolean object wrapping a false value still evaluates as truthy, since all objects are treated as truthy by the engine. During implicit type coercion, the JavaScript engine uses a 'hint' derived from context to decide whether to apply valueOf() or toString() when converting an object to a primitive. If valueOf() does not return a primitive, the engine falls back to toString(), and if neither works, a TypeError is thrown. Special cases exist for Dates, which default to string conversion, and for Boolean checks, which simply return true for any object regardless of its wrapped value.