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How GCC Compiles C Code for 32-bit RISC-V: A Deep Dive into RV32I Assembly

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A technical exploration examines how GCC transforms C source code into RISC-V 32-bit (RV32I) assembly by disassembling compiled binaries and comparing them against the original C code. The study uses a standardized C test corpus covering global variables, arithmetic operations, function calls, and control flow structures to stress-test the toolchain. RISC-V RV32I provides 32 general-purpose registers and a minimalist base instruction set of just 40 fixed-width 32-bit instructions, making compiler output easier to analyze than on legacy 8-bit architectures. Unlike x86, RISC-V has no dedicated condition flag registers; instead, conditional branches directly compare two registers, reducing hidden pipeline dependencies. QEMU and GDB are used to simulate and step through execution, enabling precise observation of how the compiler handles register allocation, stack frames, and memory addressing.

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