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How ACID Properties in SQL Prevent Incomplete Bank Transactions

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Database transactions group multiple operations into a single unit so that all steps either complete together or none take effect. This becomes critical in scenarios like bank transfers, where a system crash mid-operation could deduct funds from one account without crediting the other. To address this, SQL databases rely on ACID properties — Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability — which together ensure data integrity. Atomicity, for instance, guarantees that if any part of a transaction fails, all changes are rolled back to the original state. Commands like BEGIN, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK give developers explicit control over when changes are saved or undone.

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