How a Developer Built a Retry-Safe Email Broadcast Engine for 5,000 Recipients

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A developer has detailed the architecture of an email broadcast system designed to handle large-scale campaigns reliably, with each recipient assigned an individual queued job rather than batching all sends together. The system uses a per-recipient status ledger as the single source of truth, meaning duplicate job executions or retries become harmless no-ops rather than causing duplicate emails. Delivery webhook events such as opens, clicks, and bounces update the ledger using a rank-based guard, ensuring a delayed event cannot overwrite a more advanced status. Audience filtering and send eligibility are kept as separate checks, preventing emails from reaching contacts who have since unsubscribed. Opt-out links are designed to return the same generic response regardless of token validity, closing a potential security loophole that could expose which tokens exist.

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