From Turing to ChatGPT: A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

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The formal history of artificial intelligence began after World War II, with Alan Turing's landmark 1950 paper proposing a test to measure machine intelligence. In 1956, John McCarthy and colleagues coined the term 'Artificial Intelligence' at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project, setting the field's foundational agenda. Early progress in the 1960s gave way to funding cuts and stalled research in the late 1970s, a downturn known as the first 'AI Winter.' The 1980s brought a partial revival through rule-based Expert Systems and the development of backpropagation, a technique that would later power modern neural networks. The 21st century marked a turning point as vast internet data, powerful GPUs, and improved algorithms converged to produce breakthroughs like deep learning, AlphaGo, and today's generative AI systems.

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