Eusociality Has Evolved Over 20 Times Across the Animal Kingdom, Study Reviews
Eusociality, the highest form of animal social organization, is defined by reproductive division of labor, overlapping generations, and cooperative brood care. A comprehensive taxonomic review finds this trait has independently evolved more than 20 times across diverse animal groups, from parasitic flatworms to insects and mammals. Among arthropods, ants and termites are the most prominent examples, with nearly all known species in both groups being fully eusocial. Hymenoptera — the order including ants, bees, and wasps — contains the greatest number of eusocial species and the most complex social structures. Even parasitic trematode flukes have been recognized as a eusocial group, forming clonal colonies with sterile soldier individuals that defend reproductive clonemates inside host bodies.
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