Cache Stampede: How a Single Cache Miss Can Overwhelm a Backend

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A cache stampede occurs when a popular cache entry expires, causing many concurrent requests to miss the cache simultaneously. Instead of one request recomputing the value, each request independently attempts the same expensive operation, such as a complex database query. This creates a sudden, massive spike in load on the backend system the cache was designed to protect. The phenomenon, also known as the thundering herd problem, can be triggered by events like a key expiring, a cache being cleared, or a sudden spike in traffic for a single item.

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