ACID Explained: The Four Properties That Keep Database Transactions Reliable

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ACID is an acronym standing for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability — four properties that govern how database transactions should behave. The concept was introduced in 1983 by Andreas Reuter and Theo Härder to ensure data integrity, particularly in high-stakes environments like financial systems. Atomicity ensures a transaction is fully completed or not executed at all, while Consistency enforces data rules and integrity constraints. Isolation guarantees that concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other, and Durability ensures that committed data persists even through system failures. Originally associated with relational databases like PostgreSQL and MySQL, ACID principles are now also adopted by some NoSQL databases such as MongoDB and FoundationDB.

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